PIXEL BREAKTHROUGH! (By Ethan)

If you've ever seen a Samsung Galaxy Tab S sitting screen up, turned on, and white-screened on the stage of a microscope, and looked through the eyepiece, you would've seen this:

SGTS subpixels, x200

Most people would've gone, "Whaaaaa... what are all those bars and boxes doing?" They are what help produce light and color on the screen; an assortment of little tidbits of light called subpixels, some red, some green, and some blue. One red, green, and blue subpixel make up a pixel. On many devices, you can see the pixels as little blocks of color, buuuut they are actually colored subpixels scrunched up so that there is only a tiny bit of space between them, thus creating the illusion that a pixel with all three subpixels lit is white. If you hold a high-power magnifying glass up to your computer, you can get the basic idea of what pixels look like. Also, most TV subpixels are so colossal, you can see them with the naked eye!!!

But, there's something very odd about the image. Why are the red and green subpixels shaped like the classic boxy ones, however the blue counterparts shaped in a strange dash-pattern?

I looked through my microscope at the colors and there were a lot more colors that had various shades of blue. I formed a hypothesis that the shape was altered so that more blue could fit on the screen.

History of the Pixel

What is a pixel? The word “pixel” is formed when the words “picture” and “element” are meshed together. This is how “pixel” is formed from the two words “picture” and “element”: Pic(x)ture element

The history of the pixel, or most anything to do with pictures, spans a long time. Way back in 1839, the daguerreotype, invented by French Louis-Jaques-Mandé Daguerre, was introduced. The first available, practical form of photography, and it contained a bunch of metals like gold and silver and a whole lot of other substances. But it was NOT easy to get or use.

One started with polishing a silver-coated copper plate, then sensitizing the plate to light in specialized, light-proof boxes with iodine and bromine. The plate would then be transferred with a light-proof holder to the camera. The picture would be etched onto the plate, but not with a chisel, with the light. Since dark and light colors give off different wavelengths of light, thus the plate would show dark and light spaces when the light hit it. This would form a latent image, which is an invisible image created this way. Later, the latent image would be made visible by blowing the plate with hot fumes of mercury vapor. Then the light sensitivity was removed with a solution of a substance called sodium thiosulfate, and the plate would be given a thorough wash with distilled water. Finally, the plate would be gilded or toned with gold chlorine, dried lightly with a pump, and sealed in glass to protect it.

Then, in 1861, the first permanent color photo was taken, by projecting three black/white images taken through filters of red, green, and blue back through their respected filters over each other, and the image became colored.

In 1926, the first televised, moving images were produced. They used a mechanical television set with a scanning disk that spun very, very quickly.

One year later, Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrated the first cathode ray tube television (CRT TV). It worked like this: there’s a sealed glass tube, with an electron gun at one end. It does exactly what its name sounds like; it is a gun that shoots out a stream of electrons in various patterns, which are then steered by a powerful magnet, and then the electrons land on a phosphor-covered screen, which forms the picture.

Color TV was introduced in the 1950's. In CRT TVs, there was only one electron gun that shot out a stream of electrons to form a picture. In color TV, there were three electron guns, one for red, green, and blue, the primary optical colors. These electron beams would hit arrays and patches of phosphorous, a highly light-sensitive substance. The patches were called triads. They were the closest ancestors of modern pixels. Also, these TVs had pictures made of horizontal lines, up to 512 lines on a screen.

But then, in the digital age, these lines were spliced into rectangles, thus creating the pixel in the year 1965. The founding father of the digital image was scientist Russel Kirsch, who took a picture of his baby son and scanned it into a computer. Kirsch had the computer break up the image into many tiny squares, and assigned each square a binary color of black or white. This technique is closely related to how the ancient Greeks made mosaics: they would glue together many different-colored, very small squares of glass or stone onto wet cement at just the right spots to create the mosaic. If you stand right up close to it, you see little squares. If you stand far away, then you see a very clear image.

How do Pixels Work?

A pixel is made up of one red, green, and blue subpixel. A pixel can come in all sorts of sizes, shapes, and colors. The light type varies too. The Samsung Galaxy Tab S pixels are LED lights. The acronym means light-emitting diode. A diode is this device that only allows the flow of electric current in one direction, so it's sort of like an electric one-way road. LEDs give off light when activated. They also release little crumbs of energy many times smaller than an atom, called photons. The photon may be slow or fast, depending on how much energy it has, and this determines the color of the LED. But the subpixel LEDs need only give off three colors, the optical primary colors of red, green, and blue.

When you combine different intensities (brightnesses) of red, green, and blue light, you can achieve just about any color you wish. In fact, a single pixel can generate about 2^24, or 16,777,216 distinguishable colors!! There are 256 intensities for each color. To demonstrate this, I went to Photoshop and experimented with different colors. There was a background-color choosing tab that I used to do so. At the bottom of the tab, there were three textboxes, each one labeled with either R for red, G for green, or B for blue. In the textboxes, there was a number, always between zero and 255, inclusive. If the value in a textbox was zero, that meant the color was turned all the way off, or completely absent in the final color created by the red, green, and blue. If the value was 255, that meant the color was turned all the way on, or completely present in the final color. The following is a color pallet showing all the primary and secondary colors, plus some other basic colors.

The intensities of the subpixels are presented in their corresponding Photoshop R/G/B information on the left. The "H/S/B" on the top means "Hue/Saturation/Brightness"

 As you know, almost all light sources give off visible light, but they can feel very different. Try sleeping next to five flashlights and then five campfires and you will agree that the flashlights will feel very different from the campfires. Which feels better, a 100-watt lightbulb shining in your eye or the soft glow of a nightlight shining in your eye? Which do you prefer to read under, the sun or the moon? Which light do you think would suit your disco party? Colorful, not-too-bright LED lights or the type of light given off by bioluminescent mushrooms? All of these light sources produce various brightnesses and levels of light with various capabilities. Some strain to make even several handfuls of light, others shine almost instantly. We use a special ratio to describe the ability of these light sources to produce the light we see. This ratio of luminous flux to power is called LUMINOUS EFFICACY. The blue subpixels have less of this, so when the pad was manufactured, the shape was altered to fit more blue subpixel, so balancing out the light of the screen.